The San Remo Manual on the International Law Applicable to Armed Conflicts at Sea was adopted by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law in June 1994 following a series of discussions held by diplomats, naval and legal experts between 1988 and 1994. It is “the only comprehensive international instrument developed since 1913 on the law of naval warfare”. [1] [2] The San Remo Manual on the International Law Applicable to Armed Conflict at Sea was prepared between 1988 and 1994 by a group of legal and naval experts who participated in their personal capacity in a series of round tables organized by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law. Over the years, the manual has been described by many experts as “the only comprehensive international instrument designed for the law of naval warfare since 1913.” The San Remo Manual is a contemporary reformulation of the law applicable to armed conflict at sea, developed over a period of six years by an international group of international law specialists and naval experts convened by the International Institute of Humanitarian Law. The accompanying explanatory note is in the form of a commentary and indicates the sources used by the experts for each of the provisions of the Manual and the discussion that led to its adoption. This is the first analysis of the law governing armed conflict at sea, which has been carried out by an international group of experts since 1913. The work draws on contract law and current State practice and takes into account developments in related areas of international law, in particular the impact of the Charter of the United Nations, the 1982 Convention on the Law of the Sea, aviation law and environmental law. The Manual: Part I. General provisions:1. Scope of the law 2. Armed conflict and the right to self-defence 3.

Armed conflicts in which the Security Council has taken action 4. Areas of naval warfare 5. Definitions. Part II. Fields of application:1. Inland waters, territorial sea and waters of the archipelago 2. International maritime routes of the straits and archipelagos 3. Exclusive economic zone and continental shelf 4. High seas and seabed outside national jurisdiction Part III. Basic rules and discrimination of targets:1.

Basic rules 2. Precautions in case of attack 3. Enemy ships and aircraft exempt from attack 4. Other enemy ships and aircraft 5. Neutral merchant ships and civil aircraft 6. Precautions for Civil Aircraft Part IV. Methods and means of warfare at sea:1. Means of warfare 2.

Methods of warfare 3. Deception, War and Perfidy Part V. Measures taken shortly before the attack: interception, visit, search, distraction and capture:1. Determination of the enemy character of ships and aircraft 2. Visit and search of merchant ships 3. Interception, inspection and search of civil aircraft 4. Capture of enemy ships and goods 5. Capture of enemy aircraft and civilian cargo 6. Detection of neutral merchant ships and goods 7.

Detection of neutral aircraft and civil cargo Part VI. Protected Persons, Medical Transport and Medical Aircraft: General Rules:1. Protected persons 2. Medical transport 3. Medical aircraft Annex. Explanation: Follows exactly the same titles as above. The San Remo Manual has been cited by the Israeli government to justify the embarkation and seizure of ships attempting to break the blockade of Gaza (see Legal Assessments of the Gaza Flotilla Raid)[5] as well as by the UNITED Nations Human Rights Council`s International Fact-Finding Mission to support its conclusion that the seizure was illegal. [6] In 2011, the UN Secretary-General`s investigative body concluded that the blockade of Gaza had been “imposed as a legitimate security measure” and that the flotilla should not have acted in a way that increased the potential for conflict.

The Handbook is a codification of customary international law, an integration of existing legal norms for maritime conflicts with the Geneva Conventions of 1949 and Protocol I of 1977. The handbook is divided into six parts, each discussing a different section of international law: International Organization is a leading peer-reviewed journal covering the entire field of international affairs. You can save your searches here and view them later and run them again under “My Saved Searches”. Email your librarian or administrator recommending that you add this book to your organization`s collection. Full-text views reflect the number of PDF downloads, PDF files sent to Google Drive, Dropbox, and Kindle, and HTML full-text views for chapters in this book. However, the report also noted that Israel`s use of force against passengers was excessive and recommended that Israel immediately report its use of force to the United Nations Security Council so that it could find a lasting solution, as required by Israel in the Charter of the United Nations. [8] NEW IN 2016 – The European Journal of International Security (EJIS) publishes theoretical, methodological and empirical works. The goal of Ethics & International Affairs, the journal of the Carnegie Council, is to bridge the gap between the two. Created by an international group of experts at the invitation of the International Society of Military Law and Martial Law The International Review of the Red Cross is published by the International Committee of the Red Cross and Cambridge. The European Journal of Political Science (EPSR) publishes high-quality scientific research in political science focused on Please register or log in to request access. If you encounter difficulties in accessing these resources, please send an email lecturers@cambridge.org paragraph 67 of the Handbook states that belligerent merchant ships flying the flag of neutral States may attack outside neutral waters if “it is reasonable to believe that they are carrying contraband or violating a blockade, and if, after prior warning, they intentionally and unequivocally refuse, or intentionally and unequivocally oppose the visit, search or registration”.

.